Read the following passage and answer the questions below it:Before the invention of reading and writing, people lived in an environment in which they struggled to survive against natural forces, animals and other humans. To survive, preliterate people developed skills that grew into cultural and educational patterns. For a particular group's culture to continue into the future, people had to transmit it, or pass it on, from adults to children. The earliest educational processes involved sharing information about gathering food and providing shelter, making weapons and other tools, learning language and acquiring the values, behaviour and religious rites or practices of a given culture.Through direct informal education, parents and elders taught children the skills and roles they would need as adults. These lessons eventually formed the moral codes that governed behaviour. Since they lived before the invention of writing, preliterate people used an oral tradition or storytelling to pass on their culture and history from one generation to the next. By using language, people learned to create and use symbols, words or signs to express their ideas. When these symbols grew into pictographs and letters, human beings created a written language and made a great cultural leap to literacy.

**(1.1)** What does the passage say about the role of education?

**(1.2)** How did environment determine the objects of educational processes?

**(1.3)** How did an oral tradition lead to the development of a written language?

**(1.4)** Translate the first two sentences of the second paragraph into Bangla,

**(1.5)** Give the meanings (in English) of the underlined words and make a sentence of your own with each of them.

Question

Read the following passage and answer the questions below it:Before the invention of reading and writing, people lived in an environment in which they struggled to survive against natural forces, animals and other humans. To survive, preliterate people developed skills that grew into cultural and educational patterns. For a particular group's culture to continue into the future, people had to transmit it, or pass it on, from adults to children. The earliest educational processes involved sharing information about gathering food and providing shelter, making weapons and other tools, learning language and acquiring the values, behaviour and religious rites or practices of a given culture.Through direct informal education, parents and elders taught children the skills and roles they would need as adults. These lessons eventually formed the moral codes that governed behaviour. Since they lived before the invention of writing, preliterate people used an oral tradition or storytelling to pass on their culture and history from one generation to the next. By using language, people learned to create and use symbols, words or signs to express their ideas. When these symbols grew into pictographs and letters, human beings created a written language and made a great cultural leap to literacy.

(1.1) What does the passage say about the role of education?

(1.2) How did environment determine the objects of educational processes?

(1.3) How did an oral tradition lead to the development of a written language?

(1.4) Translate the first two sentences of the second paragraph into Bangla,

(1.5) Give the meanings (in English) of the underlined words and make a sentence of your own with each of them.

**(1.1)** What does the passage say about the role of education?

**(1.2)** How did environment determine the objects of educational processes?

**(1.3)** How did an oral tradition lead to the development of a written language?

**(1.4)** Translate the first two sentences of the second paragraph into Bangla,

**(1.5)** Give the meanings (in English) of the underlined words and make a sentence of your own with each of them.

Accepted Answer

**(1.1)** According to the passage, education has been the means by which a group's culture is passed on from adults to children so that it can continue into the future. It taught people the skills needed to survive, such as gathering food, building shelters and making tools, and also language, values, behaviour and religious practices. Through education, parents and elders prepared children for their adult roles, and it formed the moral codes governing behaviour.

**(1.2)** Before reading and writing, people had to struggle for survival against natural forces, animals and other humans. This environment determined what they needed to learn. So the earliest educational processes focused on practical survival matters: gathering food, providing shelter, making weapons and other tools, learning language and acquiring the values and religious rites of their culture.

**(1.3)** Preliterate people passed on their culture and history through an oral tradition or storytelling. In doing so they used language and learned to create and use symbols, words or signs to express their ideas. These symbols gradually grew into pictographs and letters, which led human beings to create a written language and to make a great cultural leap to literacy.

**(1.4)** Translation:
প্রত্যক্ষ ও অনানুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষার মাধ্যমে পিতামাতা ও বয়োজ্যেষ্ঠরা শিশুদের সেইসব দক্ষতা ও ভূমিকা শেখাতেন যা প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক হিসেবে তাদের প্রয়োজন হবে। এই শিক্ষাগুলো কালক্রমে সেই নৈতিক বিধিতে পরিণত হয়েছিল যা মানুষের আচরণ নিয়ন্ত্রণ করত।

**(1.5)** (The underlined words are not marked in the given text; the following key words are explained.)
১. **Preliterate** - belonging to a time before writing was known. Sentence: Preliterate societies kept their history alive through songs and stories.
২. **Transmit** - to pass something from one person or generation to another. Sentence: Grandparents transmit old folk tales to their grandchildren.
৩. **Rites** - formal religious or traditional ceremonies. Sentence: The villagers performed the rites of the harvest festival.
৪. **Pictographs** - pictures or symbols that represent words or ideas. Sentence: Ancient people drew pictographs on cave walls.
৫. **Governed** - controlled or guided. Sentence: Strict rules governed the conduct of the students.

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