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11.

Evaluate the value of ∫dxx+1−x\int \frac{dx}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{1-x}}.

উত্তর ও ব্যাখ্যা

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To evaluate:
I=∫dxx+1−xI = \int \frac{dx}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{1-x}}

Multiply the numerator and denominator by (x−1−x)(\sqrt{x} - \sqrt{1-x}):
I=∫x−1−x(x+1−x)(x−1−x) dx=∫x−1−xx−(1−x) dx=∫x−1−x2x−1 dxI = \int \frac{\sqrt{x} - \sqrt{1-x}}{(\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{1-x})(\sqrt{x} - \sqrt{1-x})}\,dx = \int \frac{\sqrt{x} - \sqrt{1-x}}{x - (1-x)}\,dx = \int \frac{\sqrt{x} - \sqrt{1-x}}{2x - 1}\,dx

Let x=sin⁡2θx = \sin^2 \theta, so dx=2sin⁡θcos⁡θ dθdx = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta\,d\theta:
Then x=sin⁡θ\sqrt{x} = \sin\theta, 1−x=cos⁡θ\sqrt{1-x} = \cos\theta, and 2x−1=2sin⁡2θ−1=−cos⁡2θ2x - 1 = 2\sin^2\theta - 1 = -\cos 2\theta.

Substituting these into the integral:
I=∫sin⁡θ−cos⁡θ−cos⁡2θ⋅2sin⁡θcos⁡θ dθI = \int \frac{\sin\theta - \cos\theta}{-\cos 2\theta} \cdot 2\sin\theta\cos\theta\,d\theta
I=∫cos⁡θ−sin⁡θcos⁡2θ−sin⁡2θ⋅sin⁡2θ dθI = \int \frac{\cos\theta - \sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta - \sin^2\theta} \cdot \sin 2\theta\,d\theta
I=∫cos⁡θ−sin⁡θ(cos⁡θ−sin⁡θ)(cos⁡θ+sin⁡θ)⋅sin⁡2θ dθI = \int \frac{\cos\theta - \sin\theta}{(\cos\theta - \sin\theta)(\cos\theta + \sin\theta)} \cdot \sin 2\theta\,d\theta
I=∫sin⁡2θcos⁡θ+sin⁡θ dθI = \int \frac{\sin 2\theta}{\cos\theta + \sin\theta}\,d\theta

Notice that (sin⁡θ+cos⁡θ)2=1+sin⁡2θ  ⟹  sin⁡2θ=(sin⁡θ+cos⁡θ)2−1(\sin\theta + \cos\theta)^2 = 1 + \sin 2\theta \implies \sin 2\theta = (\sin\theta + \cos\theta)^2 - 1.
Therefore,
I=∫((sin⁡θ+cos⁡θ)−1sin⁡θ+cos⁡θ)dθI = \int \left( (\sin\theta + \cos\theta) - \frac{1}{\sin\theta + \cos\theta} \right) d\theta

Alternatively, let u=sin⁡θ−cos⁡θu = \sin\theta - \cos\theta, then du=(cos⁡θ+sin⁡θ)dθdu = (\cos\theta + \sin\theta)d\theta and u2=1−sin⁡2θ  ⟹  sin⁡2θ=1−u2u^2 = 1 - \sin 2\theta \implies \sin 2\theta = 1 - u^2:
I=∫(sin⁡θ+cos⁡θ) dθ−∫12cos⁡(θ−π4) dθI = \int (\sin\theta + \cos\theta)\,d\theta - \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\cos\left(\theta - \frac{\pi}{4}\right)}\,d\theta
I=sin⁡θ−cos⁡θ−12ln⁡∣sec⁡(θ−π4)+tan⁡(θ−π4)∣+CI = \sin\theta - \cos\theta - \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln\left|\sec\left(\theta - \frac{\pi}{4}\right) + \tan\left(\theta - \frac{\pi}{4}\right)\right| + C

More simply, in terms of xx:
Using the substitution 2x−1=sin⁡t2x - 1 = \sin t, 2dx=cos⁡t dt2dx = \cos t\,dt:
I=x(1−x)+12arcsin⁡(2x−1)+CI = \sqrt{x(1-x)} + \frac{1}{2}\arcsin(2x-1) + C

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